Comparing The Holy Bible and Crime and Punishment :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Bible and Crime and Punishment Dosteovskys novel Crime and Punishment depicts the biblical account of Jesus path to crucifixion burdened with a wooden cross through the character of Raskolnikov. After committing a cold-blooded murder he experiences psychogenic anguish, and in a defeated state, confesses, and accepts the consequences of his crime. Although the novel begins by focusing on the crime itself, the majority of the book discusses Raskolnikovs struggle through denial and redemption aft(prenominal) the murder has been committed. His own "greatness" leads to his denial of God, and his attempt to suppress his conscience causes insanity and sickness. However these negative consequences force him to acknowledge his rectitude and realize his destiny for confession. The prostitute, Sonya, helps Raskolnikov take a step toward redemption by discussing with him the Biblical account of Lazarus revival from death. This scene depicts his inability to comprehend Sony as God, and epitomizes his refusal to cling to a higher being. Raskolnikovs everlasting pursuit of hindering Sonyas faith characterized the frustration and struggle he experienced because of spiritual issues. However, his path to confession progressed during their conversation because of his hidden desire to understand Sonyas faith. With her aid, he took a step toward redemption foreshadowing her action in raising him from the "dead." Sonya pleads with him to wear her cross and confess to his heinous crime. However, he refuses to accept this burden. This directly parallels with Jesus refusal to exhale before his proper time. The climax of the novel takes place after Raskolnikovs realization and acceptance of his consequences. He visits Sonya and receives her cross. Through this action, he accepts punishment and ironically, his life. This gifts benefactor, Sonya, carries significance in this allusion to the Bible. Sonya, a sinner through the worlds eyes, bestows her cross on Raskolnikov. In addition, she gives him the strength to live again. Jesus was given the cross to carry by the people, sinners by definition of the Bible. By his actions, he gave life back to the people that condemned him to death. Raskolnikovs tread to police headquarters for confession paralleled Jesus trudge to crucifixion with his cross.

Shakespeares Othello - Desdemona in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Desdemona in Othello In William Shakespeares tragic drama Othello, the wife of the protagonist is Desdemona. She is a lovely, intelligent, wholesome and pious person. This essay will analyze her. In Act 1 Scene1, Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemonas father, in the center(a) of the night. Once there the two awaken him with loud shouts about his daughters elopement with Othello. In response to Iagos vulgar descriptions of Desdemonas involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from crawl in and, with Roderigos help, gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The fathers attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much worsened than before It is too true an evil gone she is And whats to come of my despised time Is nought but bitterness. (1.1) So obviously the senator has great respect for his daughter, or at least for the comforts which she has afforded him up the beg inning of the play. This respect is shared by her new husband Othello, who says to Iago that I love the gentle Desdemona, I would non my unhoused free condition Put into circumscription and confine For the seas worth. (1.2) Once that Brabantio has located Othello, the father presses charges publicly in order to have Desdemona returned To prison, till fit time Of legal philosophy and course of direct session Call thee to answer. (1.2) The proceedings which take place before the Duke of Venice cause the father to permanently lose his daughter, mostly due to Desdemonas possess fluent presentation of her point of view in the city... ...he was heavenly true And upon the arrival of Iago, she publicly accuses him of lying You told a lie, an odious, damned lie Upon my soul, a lie, a wicked lie. She false with Cassio (5.2) Then she accuses him of causing murder And your reports have set the murder on. Emilias stunning interrogation and conviction of her own husband as the evil mastermind behind the murder results in Iagos murder of her. Gullible Othello, grief-stricken by remorse for the tragic break he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife, his sorrow being as deep as his love for Desdemona prior to Iagos machinations. WORKS CITED Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The galvanising Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

Maximizing Profits as the Main Goal Essay -- Economics Business Manage

Maximizing Profits as the Main GoalThe traditional possibility (neoclassical) assumes that inviolables primaryobjective is to maximize profits. That is if the firm is possessorcontrolled. This assumption is based on that firms makes the outputand price decisions. Also, that firm takes all undeniable actions toearn the greatest profit possible. The managerial theory assumes firmsdo not necessarily act in order to maximize profits. The basic tenet ass this is the separation of ownership from management, complexityof the organisation and the firms manager maximizes his own utilityand growth rather than profits. The reason for this is that managers may be judged by the level of sales revenue. I allow be providingsupporting arguments for and against this assumption that the firmsmain motivation is to maximise profits and draw a conclusion byanalysing the firms behaviour as well as further discussing thetheories of firms.Profit maximising assumption is based on two premises, firstly t hatowner is in control of day-to-day management of the firm and secondlythat the main desire of owners is to make a higher profit then theamount they invested in the firm. Since this assumption is based ontwo assumptions, therefore if these two premises dont hold is itunderstandable to believe that firms goals is not to maximize profits.Well, this will depend on the motivation of individual firms.If a firms ownership and control are in the hands of a single personor small groups of people, then its reasonable to assume that thefirms owners goal is to maximize profits. But most of todays firmsare owned by shareholders and other large cooperation, but day-to-daycontrol of the firm is under management. Therefore, the objectives ofmanagements may differ from the shareholders and conflicts may arise.For example Baumal (1959) suggest that the manager-controlled firm islikely to have sales revenue maximization, as its main goal thanprofit maximization favoured by shareholders (Applied f rugals 7thed. p54). Also, studies of 177 firms between 1985 and 1990 by Conyonand Gregg (1994) demonstrate that the pay of top executive of large firms inUK was mostly related to sales growth.Other studies have found that profit was the most important antigenic determinant of executive income. For example A survey by ManagementToday in 1990 asse... ..., argued that regardless of how actual firms may behave and constraints on rationality they may be subject to, the survivingfirms are those who attained high profits. Due to the strength ofthese arguments, we tend to accept profits maximization theories arejustifiable.BibliographyAlchian, A (1950), Uncertaintity. Evolution, and sparing Theory,Journal Of Political Economy. 58(3), 211-221.Buzzel, R, & Gale, B. (1987). The PIMPS Priciples, Strategic PlanningInsitute.Conyon, M & Gregg, P. (1994). Pay at the top a study of thesensitivity of top director remuneration to company specific shocks,National Institute Economic Review, August.F riedman, Milton (1953), Essay in Positive Economics, Chicago ChicagoUniversity Press.Griffith, Alan & Wall, Stuart (1997). Applied Economics AnIntroductory Course. 7th Ed.Lipsey & Chrystal (1999). Priciples of Economics. 9th Ed.Marris, R. (1964) The Economic Theory of Managerial Italism,Macmillan.Sloman, J (2003).Economics. Prentice Hall. 5th edWilliam, K. Objectives. Can be found onhttp//william-king.www.drexel.edu/top/prin/txt/MPch/firm2.html.Accessed 4th of February 2005.

Faith Evans :: essays research papers

In spite of the fact that Faith Evans carved out a recording career in her own right, her name will forever remain linked in the minds of many to her late husband the Notorious B.I.G. Evans was an active session singer and ballad maker before signing her own solo deal and marrying Biggie, and while she never matched the level of his stardom, she continued to come into her own as a vocalist in the years after his untimely death. Faith Evans was born on June 10, 1973, and grew up in Newark, NJ, where she began singing in church at the mere age of two. A high school honor student, she sang in her schools musical productions before winning a full scholarship to Fordham University. After just virtuoso year, though, she left(a) college to put her jazz and classical training to use in the field of contemporary RB. It didnt take her long to find work and over the next some years, she sang backup and wrote songs for artists like Hi-Five, Mary J. Blige, Pebbles, Al B. Sure, Usher, Tony Thom pson, and Christopher Williams. Thanks to her work on Bliges 1994 sophomore effort, My Life, Evans met producer/impresario Sean "Puffy" Combs, who signed her to his Bad son label. In 1995, Evans released her debut album, Faith, which went platinum on the strength of the hit RB singles "You Used to Love Me" and "Soon as I Get Home." The akin year, she met fellow Bad Boy artist the Notorious B.I.G. (some accounts say at a photo shoot, others a phone conversation) and married him after a courtship of just nine days shortly thereafter, she guested on a remix of his smash single "One More Chance."      Over the next couple of years, Evans continued her behind-the-scenes work, performing and writing for records by the likes of Color Me Badd and LSG. She and Biggie also had a son, Christopher Wallace Jr., in late 1996 however, by that point, their marriage had already become strained. Biggie had publicly taken up with rapper Lil Kim an d rumors had been spreading about an Evans liaison with Biggies rival 2Pac (alluded to on 2Pacs venomous "Hit Me Off"). The couple had unofficially separated when Biggie was shot and killed in work 1997. A grief-stricken Evans was prominently featured on the Puff Daddy tribute single "Ill Be Missing You," which with its cribbed Police hook zoomed to the top of the charts and became one of the years biggest hits.

Anthem :: Anthem Essays

Anthem     As the novel opens compare 7-2521 states that what hes doing is a sin. In his society it is a sin to do things that do not involve others, and the words he thinks and writes are for no one eyes to see or hear, but his own. In his society everyone thinks the same, and if you were to be the different one you would be sent to the palace of correction and detention. Equality 7-2521 actually had a mind of his own. As you can see Science fascinate him. For example in chapter 1 while it was dark Equality 7-2521 would sneak into a dark tunnel in which he would spend 3 hours doing scientific research, and experiments. He would also steal manuscripts from the scholars, and every night he would study. This went on for two years. The difference between Equality 7-2521 and his society is that he actually cherished to succeed, while the rest of his society would settle for what they were told to be. The chalk box, can also be referred as a light bulb. After co untless nights of experimenting, Equality 7-2521 succeeds in connecting the power of electricity to re-invent the electric light. This invention that he came up with can benefit to society, but he doesnt know how to tell them. Remember, you cant do anything that others cant do. That was the philosophical system that the society believed in. He figured that since the council wouldnt appreciate his work, he would rather show his invention to the scholars. When the World Council of Scholars arrives in his city, he will present to them, as his gift, the glass box with the power of the sky. One night while Equality 7-2521 was working on an experiment in his tunnel, he totally lost track of time. He rushed out, and then the council questioned him on why was he late. Equality 7-2521 refused to answer and therefore he was sent to the palace of correction and detention. He was able to bilk and retreat back to the tunnel. He found everything the same way that he had left it. He was then getting prepared for the arrival of the scholars.

Anthem :: Anthem Essays

Anthem     As the novel opens Equality 7-2521 states that what hes doing is a wickedness. In his cabaret it is a sin to do things that do not involve others, and the words he thinks and writes are for no one eyes to see or hear, but his own. In his society everyone thinks the same, and if you were to be the different one you would be sent to the palace of correction and detention. Equality 7-2521 genuinely had a mind of his own. As you can see information fascinated him. For example in chapter 1 while it was dark Equality 7-2521 would sneak into a dark tunnel in which he would spend 3 hours doing scientific research, and experiments. He would also steal manuscripts from the scholars, and every night he would study. This went on for two years. The difference between Equality 7-2521 and his society is that he actually wanted to succeed, while the rest of his society would settle for what they were told to be. The glass box, can also be referred as a light bul b. After unbounded nights of experimenting, Equality 7-2521 succeeds in connecting the power of electricity to re-invent the electric light. This invention that he came up with can benefit to society, but he doesnt know how to tell them. Remember, you cant do anything that others cant do. That was the philosophy that the society believed in. He figured that since the council wouldnt appreciate his work, he would rather show his invention to the scholars. When the World Council of Scholars arrives in his city, he will present to them, as his gift, the glass box with the power of the sky. One night while Equality 7-2521 was working on an experiment in his tunnel, he totally lost trace of time. He rushed out, and then the council questioned him on why was he late. Equality 7-2521 refused to answer and therefore he was sent to the palace of correction and detention. He was subject to escape and retreat back to the tunnel. He found everything the same way that he had left it. He was then getting prepared for the arrival of the scholars.

Harvard Business School Essay

August 8, 1995 had taken an un anticipate deform for Netscape Communications Corporations board of directors. ahead that morning, the day before the companys scheduled initial public offering (IPO), Netscapes lead underwriters proposed to the board a 100% increase in the original offering price from $14 to $28 per allocate. This recommendation came in response to the remarkable oversubscription for Netscapes shares, which had already prompted the underwriters to increase the number of shares to be offered from 3.5 one thousand thousand to 5 million. Under the current proposal, a company with a net book value of just over $16 million that had yet to turn a profit, was suddenly valued at over $1 billion.The Board faced a pricing dilemma within the context of an extremely uncertain industry. While its members wanted to be responsive to Wall Streets current zeal, they also wanted to make sure that the fundamentals of Netscape justified much(prenominal) a dramatic increase in valuati on.Netscape CommunicationsFounded in April 1994, Netscape Communications Corporation provided a comprehensive line of client, server, and integrated applications bundlefor communications and handicraft on the meshing and private Internet Protocol (IP) ne twainrks. These products enabled the growing network of servers on the serviceman Wide Web to communicate by multimedia, including graphics, video and sound. knowing with enhanced security code, these software products provided the confidentiality required to execute financial transactions and to sell advertisements on the Internet and private IP networks.The companys closely popular product, Netscape Navigator, was the leading client software program that allowed individual personal computer (PC) users to exchange information and conduct commerce on the Internet. Navigator feature a click-and-point graphical user interface that enabled users to navigate the Internet by manipulating icons and windows rather than by using tex t commands.With the user-friendly interface as a guide, Navigator offered a variety of Internet functions including Web browsing, file transfers, news group communications, and e-mail. Initially shipped in December 1994, Netscape Navigator generated 49% and 65% of full(a) revenues for the quarters stop March 31, 1995, and June 30, 1995, respectively. Netscapes server software provided enterprises with the basic capabilities necessary for creating and operating Web server sites, or places on the Web which browsers could visit. query Associate Kendall H. Backstrand wrote this case under the super great deal of Professor W. Carl Kester as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or unproductive handling of an administrative situation. Copyright 1996 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685 or write Harvard Business civilise Publishing, Boston, MA 02163. No par t of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any meanselectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwisewithout the permission of Harvard Business School.Incorporating both browser and server functions, the companys integrated applications software programs were designed to provide enterprises with the capability to manage large-scale commercial sites on the Internet. Such applications enabled these enterprises to conduct full-scale electronic commerce through a seamless system. Together, server and integrated applications software accounted for 36% of total revenues in the for the first time quarter of 1995, and 28% of total revenues in the second. Of these revenues, the majority were generated by one of Netscapes three server products, Netscape Commerce Server.1 Revenues from Netscapes server and integrated applications products were expected to increase as a percentage of general revenu es in the future. In addition to product revenues, Netscape generated service revenues, which were attributable to fees from consulting, maintenance, and support services. These revenues amounted to approximately 5% and 7% of total revenues for the quarters ended March 31, 1995 and June 30, 1995, respectively. financial PerformanceNetscape had incurred total losses of $4.3 million on total revenues of $16.6 million for its first two operating quarters ended June 30, 1995. The company expected to comprehend to operate at a loss for the foreseeable future. Exhibits 1 and 2 provide Netscapes financial statements since its incorporation in April 1994.Operating activities for the six months ended June 30, 1995 had generated $7.3 million in cash. Cash flows from financing activities of $20.5 million were primarily attributable to the net proceeds of $17.3 million from the issuance of Series C Preferred communication channel and borrowings of $2.2 million under a debt facility agreement. Cash used in investment activities of $22.1 million related to $16.6 in short-term investments and $5 million in capital expenditures. At the end of the second quarter of 1995, Netscapes principal sources of liquidity were $8.9 million in cash and the $16.6 million in shortterm investments. The company expected total capital expenditures for 1995 of approximately $12 million.Industry BackgroundThe demand for Netscapes products had evolved out of the development of the Internet in the late 1960s. The Internet was a global network designed to facilitate communication between some 35,000 computer networks using the enabling code termed Internet Protocol. According to International data Corporation (IDC), in mid-1995 there were approximately 57 million Internet users. Of those 57 million users, IDC estimated that approximately 8 million were accessing information on the World Wide Web.Engineered in the early 1990s, the Web was a technology that linked one bit of information on the Int ernet with another so that users could share webs of ideas. The Web consisted of a network of Web servers that posted information in a common format described by the Hypertext Markup Language (HTML). Internet users were able to access information on the Web by implementing the appropriate Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). Because it necessitated complex coding, the Web had remained largely undiscovered by untechnical users who simply wanted to browse, a popular pastime which came to be dubbed surfing the Net.1Bundled packages of Netscape Navigator and Netscape Commerce Server accounted for about 10% of totalrevenues in the first quarter, while its contribution in the second quarter was immaterial. 2Netscapes Initial Public OfferingNetscapes EntranceMeanwhile at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, a group of computer science students working at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) developed the graphical software program that gave rise to the notio n of surfing. Named NCSA Mosaic, the software program enabled nontechnical users to access and retrieve information on the Web. The Mosaic code organized Web information into neat collections of graphical electronic menus on which users could simply click-and-point to browse their contents.In April 1993, the founders of Mosaic, under the leadership of then senior Marc Andreessen, began distributing the software for free to anyone who had the technical means to fetch it electronically. The superb results of this strategytwo million Mosaic users within one yearmade for more than cocktail conversation among high-tech gurus in Californias te Valley. Jim Clark, the founder of Silicon Graphics, Inc. (known for its workstations that turned data into 3-D computer images), was among those who were impressed not only by Mosaic itself but by the broader vision of its creator, Andreessen.After hearing that Andreessen had travel to Silicon Valley in early 1994, Clark sent him an email asking if they might meet to discuss the future ofMosaic. This exchange and subsequent discussions formed the entranceway pad for Mosaic Communications, which was shortly renamed Netscape Communications Corporation. In addition to dropping the Mosaic name, Netscape paid Spyglass (the company that had engaged in an exclusive licensing order of battle with the University of Illinois) a one-time $2.4 million fee for the rights to certain Mosaic code. With the original code, Clarks management experience and $3 million in seed money, and Andreessens vision and technical expertise, Netscape made its entrance into the highly dynamic Internet market.

Energetic Costs Of Load Carrying Health And Social Care Essay

Many shake up worlds if non whole will in some bakshis in be transporting a bill which is an add-on to normal fundamental structure angle every finished transporting one of their immature fair to middling closely Primatess. Or necessitating to transport excess pipe organic fertilizer structure cant for migration which is seen in many biddys which do so to last the long distances that they essential go without feeding. The brisk costs on the barrack beingnesss is the spousal relationship of energy that is required to transport the excess burden around with them and how much of a disability it is on the animate being if any. E.g. how it affects the animate being s velocity, the animate being s ability to travel ( mental dexterity ) and how it affects the animate being s behavior. This lively cost may change with relevancy to weight or it may be influenced by the manner in which an animate being carries a weight e.g. in Primatess is it more ener take downically feas ible to transport the immature on the dorsum or forepart of the p atomic number 18nt. Different species of animate beings have evolved different methods of transporting tonss which is influenced by their morphology, the manner in which they move and how the carnal interacts with its environment. Bumble Bees ( Bombus ) for illustration collect pollen on their arms in pollen baskets to convey back to the settlement 1 whilst opposite animate beings like emperor penguins ( Aptenodytes forsteri ) will transport alimental in their tummies and regurgitate it for the immature. Load transporting may give an animate being an reward whether it is more protection for the immature e.g. Marsupials have evolved a pouch to transport immature, or being able to transport resources back to the settlement which is seen in about species of emmets in which some species like the Leafcutter emmet ( Atta cephalotes ) can transport loads manner over their ain organic structure weight. Load transportin g can include a large affect on an animate being s organic structure, some will increase their organic structure weight dramatically during certain times like the silvertip bear ( Ursus arctos horribilis ) which must r for each one up its organic structure nap during the summer months in prepare to last hibernation during the winter. An animate being s organic structure must be capable of digesting the excess weight without for skillful damaging the animate being s organic structure. Permanent harm is sometimes caused in worlds ( Homo sapiens ) from inordinate burden transporting even when antecedently warned which can take to deductions afterward in life. It seems that some animate beings like A cephalotes can transport tonss that are much heavier than themselves for long distances of clip without any foreseen harm to the carnal whilst others like H sapiens may bring down hurts on themselves making so. It is certain that some animate beings are much remediate at transporting tonss than others nonetheless the forfeits that they make for this ( if any ) may detriment the animate being in another facet of its abilities as an animate being can non be good at of all timeything. A cephalotes may stick out a strong organic structure design in footings of transporting tonss all the same they may be hapless swimmers as a consequence of their design for transporting tonss. Another animate being that has a strong design in being able to enrol and tunnel through things is the Rhinoceros Beetle which is portion of the house puddle Scarabaeida and are one of the largest species of beetles around making 6cm in length. 2 When a male encounters another male the devil beetles will cont ending, it is done by the two beetles meshing their horns together and utilizing their strength to seek and raise their opposition up and throw them aside. For an animate being to raise a equal and throw them aside with such easiness it must hold a batch of strength in proportion to organic structure size. Rodger Kram wanted to see whether the metabolic rate of Rhinoceros Beetles increased as the burden that the beetles carried increased 3 . The experiment consisted on the beetle walking in a respirometer chamber whilst on a treadmill carry weights up to 30 times is body mass. Kram build that the beetles could transport the tonss cheaply and that the energy economic consumption had doubled merely when the beetle was transporting a burden that was equal to 10 times its organic structure mass 3 . R Kram argues that this may hold been down to the manner in which the beetle moves and its limb position during walking nevertheless Kram finds no grounds for this. This difficult to believe as the beetles legs and motion must hold undergone some natural choice force per unit area for burden carrying and the life manner of the beetle. Kram assumes that the beetles life manner of tunneling through decomposing stuff such as wood 4 and combating other males for couples may hold had generated natural choice for the ability to transport heavy tonss and exert strong forces. Should this be considered for all arthropods and that all are really good burden bearers, capable of transporting tonss past their ain organic structure weight. For illustration cockroaches are as well as capable of transporting tonss equal to their ain organic structure mass and this lone increases their metabolic rate by 50 % . 5 However some orders like Hymenoptera would be unable(p) to transport weights greater than themselves particularly in the air as they are so finely balanced in flight. Martin Burd raise that leaf-cutting emmets do non tap single energetic cogency and that they try to rate-maximize and increase the sum of fragments that enter the settlement. 6 The emmets think like the settlement that they are and look at the general settlement energetic efficiency and seek to maximise it which is non through taking the largest foliage fragments.Hermit loathsomeness pubic bone ( Coenobita compressus ) are another arthropod and possibly hold to bear a greater burden than most animate beings as they carry their squelchs around with them. Hermit pediculosis pubis will travel from shell to blast as they get larger to better accommodate their size. Herreid II, C. F. and Full, R. J. 8 step the energy needed for anchorite pediculosis pubis to travel with and without shells at different drive ons. The experiment showed that when the pediculosis pubis had no shell and were resting at that place was no significance difference between the 1s with shells. However when the pediculosis pubis were running pediculosis pubis with shells required significantly more energy than unshelled 1s. It was besides found that anchorite pediculosis pubiss are particularly good at transporting tonss that were four times the mass of the crab and that the volume of O used did non increase. No unequivocal reply could be made for this nevertheless it was noti ced that the pediculosis pubis that carried big shells shifted their leg places to let them to on occasion drag the shell. This intern allowed the pediculosis pubis to bear the excess weight without utilizing inordinate sums of energy. Clyde, Herreid and Robert besides looked at how the sum of limbs a anchorite crab had affected the energy needed to travel with and without a shell by cut offing a certain figure of legs off several pediculosis pubiss. They found that the volume of O used increased when running nevertheless they were non satisfied with the consequences as dissymmetry may hold had affected the pediculosis pubis which would be corrected over clip.When animate beings carry a burden they may follow a different position to counterbalance for the excess weight to do it more energetically efficient, this could be in the form of the organic structure or in the leg motion and the manner in which they move with the weight. J. R. Grote 7 carried out and experiment look at th e consequence of motive power on barbed lobster. He classified a laden spiny lobster as being out of the H2O and an unloaded spiny lobster being in the H2O and so looked at how the place of the legs changed. When the spiny lobster were out of the H2O the legs moved into the organic structure this made the distance of each measure shorter leting the same(p) force to be used nevertheless over a shorter distance counterbalancing for the excess weight. The spiny lobster are more at place in the H2O where the burden of their organic structures does non impact them nevertheless they are capable of accommodating to the state of passage of armss with alterations in its position to expeditiously transport themselves.The weight of a burden is non ever every bit of import as the type of burden that an carnal carries, one type of burden may be well more embarrassing to transport than another or a burden may hold a stimulation on the bearer in some manner triping it to enforce more energy fo r illustration. 9 An experiment looking at the consequence of lading on honey bees Apis mellifera found that the when a bee would lade itself with either pollen or nectar that the bees flight metabolic rate would increase but merely at a little degree in comparing to the sum of burden that was carried. However when the bees were vibrating the bees that were scrounging for pollen were on mean 10 % more metabolically active than bees looking for nectar. The opinion 9 could happen no biomechanical ground puke this and proposed that the forage bees are more actively stimulated by the pollen forage than the nectar forage bees. The deal 9 concluded that the bees find the aggregation of pollen a more rewarding resource and work harder to roll up it or that pollen foragers have a higher metabolic rates to roll up pollen in the colder forenoons when it is most likely done ( based on J. Fawells observations ) . 10 For animate beings to be able to migrate they must hold a beginning o f alimental for the journey whether this is pit Michigans along the manner or conveying their nutrient along with them on the journey as excess organic structure weight which can be used as energy. Or an animate being may take to make both and non turn down the chance of nutrient along its migratory path The Red Knot ( Calidris canutus ) is one bird that migrates long distances during different times of the twelvemonth. The Red Knot will construct up energy militias in organic structure mass before it migrates. How transporting big fuel tonss affects sustained flight Red Knots was investigated in a survey 11 which found that the metabolic power used increased in proportion to organic structure size. It besides found that the flight musculus efficiency increased besides to counterbalance for the weight. The Red Knott adjusts its musculus size to give maximal efficiency in relation to its weight 12 and helps them to keep manoeuvrability and the velocity which they can take off i mportant for avoiding marauders such as Peregrine Falcons.Depredation is a twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours concern for most animate beings and all have their ways of get awaying being eaten for birds go uping every bit high as possible above the marauder and winging fast to generalise the advantage or doing for screen where it can non be reached with easiness. Many birds have their ain person schemes nevertheless this is what the black raspberry 13 ( Sylvia atricapilla ) uses. A survey 13 looking at how body fat affects the black raspberry found that as the sum of weight increased the return off speed decreased being hampered by the excess weight gained. Besides the angle of speech pattern decreased with weight both holding a cast out consequence on the birds public presentation. However the black raspberries could digest the excess weight up to around 30 % of the original organic structure mass without holding a excessively greater consequence on the public presentati on. Merely when burden reached about 40 % was the affect great on the bird s speed and angle of accent 13 . The survey suggest that migratory birds transporting big fat tonss will hold a hampered ability to get away marauders and with mention to 14 is the ground why passeriform bird birds with 50 % or more organic structure weight are merely found when they are fixing to do a big journeys in their migration, necessitating them to hold the excess fat. In order for person to understand the effects of lading on an animate being s public presentation they need to look at the interior workings of the animate being so that a better apprehension of what is go oning to the animate being can be seen at different degrees. David J. Ellerby and Richard L. Marsh 15 decided to look into how blood flow, cardiac end product and O ingestion alteration in a guinea poultry ( Numida Meleagris ) leg musculuss and how the different types of musculus behave. The experiments consequences were non sur prising and found that blood flow to the musculuss increased when the burden was bole loaded or distal limb loaded and the animate being was running. Resulting in a 15 % addition in metabolic power above the control which was unloaded. Cardiac end product and net O ingestion besides increased, with both tonss organ blood flow was besides step and was found to drop significantly when the animate being was loaded ( bole & A Limb ) and running. At the same clip there was a decrease blood flow to flight musculuss 15 . This supports most modern theories that blood is taken off from countries around the organic structure which are non in the greatest demand for it and are given to countries which are. Depending on where the burden was on the guinea poultry affected the blood flow, if the burden was positioned on their dorsums ( bole ) the musculuss that are used for stance had an increased blood flow and more so than the musculuss used in the swing stage of leg motion. If the burden wa s so moved to the distal Load ( lower leg ) the blood flow increased in both stance and swing musculuss nevertheless less stance musculuss had increased blood flow and more swing musculuss did. Looking at the finer inside informations of how load carrying effects an animate being s allows us to better understand the internal alterations that an animate being makes when bearing a burden instead than merely looking at the outdoor(a) effects.Load bearing itself varies in so many ways from the carrying of immature to the excess weight needed to last migration for some animate beings it is a affair of endurance. The manner in which transporting a burden affects the energetic cost on an animate being and how it affects its organic structure or head is different for each species. To some animate beings load transporting can be a large hinderance ( e.g. birds ) which rely on being light weight for flight. An animate being s environment and life style must be the selective force per unit ar ea behind its ability to bear weight as seen in Rhinoceros Beetles. It is clear that some animate beings are better at bearing a burden than others like the Rhinoceros Beetle capable of transporting a weight up to 30 times its ain organic structure mass it is obvious that other species like H sapiens would be unable to bear such a weight. Is this down to what sort animate being it is e.g. are arthropods better than chordates at bearing tonss? It is difficult to state by looking at merely a smattering of animate beings which animate beings are better as there will ever be exclusions of the groups. If animate beings are better than other animate beings what is it that makes them better is it the design, motion manner, transporting method, blood flow, stronger musculuss ECT. One thing that is evident is that there is no individual ground or key behind bearing a burden and the ground for the energetic costs of burden transporting are many and complex.

Mean Creek

Film Report Mean Creek In the film wet creek directed by Jacob Aaron Estes. We see a group of teenagers who try to mold a trick on the bully in the movie, but it goes horribly wrong. A main Idea In the film Is the sort the relationships remove between everybody from the start to the sack of the movie. The director uses 4 aspects, sound, twinkle, camera shots and dialogue, to communicate the theme of change in friend/relationships.The director uses camera shot, lighting and sound in the pellet where they are all sitting on the river bank after they play truth and dare and George strikes pushed overboard by Rocky because he wouldnt shut up more or less Martyrs father, but then George freaks out and drowns to death. We see a unyielding shot of them all sitting away from catheter. The director uses positioning to found the opinion of Isolation. The director uses this aspect to communicate the beginning of separation between on that orchestrate friendships.They all feel guil ty because they had decided not to play the trick on George anymore, because they started to feel sorry for him, but Marty choose otherwise. The director uses the lighting of a blue filter across the screen to show that this a sad moment and everything has been completely messed up. The sounds of Violins and soft music in the background gives us that felling that everything is ever-changing for the worst and that their relationships will probably never be the same again.Also the aspect of lighting and sound links into the theme of separation and contributes to the mood because up to this point there group was always collective, but are now separate. Now they all have different decisions on what happens to George. Some demand to bury him and the others want to confess and go to the police so they dont look guilty. After George dies it goes all silent and thats when it starts to et darker. The director uses dialogue and close ups in the scene where Millie runs off and surface-to-air missile follows her. We hear the dialogue between them Buck you. We can never be forgiven for what we did. We see a the close up of Miles face and how scared and traumatized she Is. The director uses these aspects to show us how much Millie has changed from the start, when she was day dreaming about her date with Sam. She seemed so innocent and was only concerned about what she was going to talk to Sam about on her date. Millie was the only one who didnt know of the plan until they got to the river. So there Is a sense of betrayal between her and Sam. This shows how murder can change the way state feel and their relationships can be affected in a situation like this.I think the director is trying to show us how people deal with guilt. Millie trys to blame Sam, Sam trys to blame Marty. But really they are all to blame, they were all apart of It. The director uses sound and close ups in the scene where they are paddling back to 1 OFF paddles hitting the water. The director uses the sound of water to remind us that they are surrounded by water, that water is what killed George and they cant get way from what they did. We also see close ups of each of their faces one at a time. We know that each character is going through conflicting emotions.There is no eye contact or emotion between each other. Their faces look exhausted and pale, some with tears down their face. The director uses these aspects to show and communicate the feeling of guilt and disbelief. It almost gives you a sick feeling in the pit of your stomach. The nonexistent dialogue between each other shows the breakdown In their relationships and makes us wonder what theyre thinking and feeling. This for me was one of the most powerful scenes throughout the movie, because I know nothing could be the same again.Lighting is used in the scene where theyre control back from the river and its all dark and silent. It gives off a gloomy, uneasy feel almost like that what theyre feeling inside and thats being portrayed through the lighting of the scene. The director used this aspect to communicate the change in all their relationships between one another, because as seen in the start of the movie the lighting is sparkly and there is lots of color to give Off nice, relaxed vibe. So the darkness and lack of light gives us he feeling that their relationships have somewhat deteriorated since before that day.It also shows the passing of time as it was daylight at the start of their trip and now its evening. This could symbolize not only the end of the day, but the end of Georges intent. Also the loss of their innocence. In conclusion he director has communicated the theme of the change in all of their friend/relationships throughout the movie with the help of these quatern aspects, lighting, sound, camera shots and dialogue. I think this film helped me realize that because of a little mistake made by someone, can or will change your life forever. By Messiah Wales

Analysis of Singapore’s GDP and Inflation figures Essay

According to the above omen of gross domestic product proceeds of capital of capital of capital of Singapore, we know that it stand at 5.3% instead of 6.2% earlier. Therefore, it clearly indicates that the forecast of Singapores GDP growth downgrade.Gross Domestic Product, it refers that during a period of time, the occupation of all final goods and labor value from the economy of a country or region, it is often recognized as the best index to measure national economic conditions. It not only reflects a countrys economic performance, but excessively reflects a countrys national strength and wealth.The importance of GDP bear not be ignored, especially when it is mentioned in the same breath with market expectations, the actual economic growth respect or recession rate often affects the trend of financial markets. The higher the entropy shows that the to a greater extent driving economic growth.GDP represents all the economic activity within the country, reflects the basic sit uation for economic growth, it is apply to analyze cur aim lieu of the states economic development. GDP growth decelerated, indicating that the economy is in contraction phase, consumer demand of the production will decrease. In widely distributed, the higher GDP of Singapore means the better economic development, rising interest rate, its currency exchange rate is strong.There are so many different elements that affect the GDP growth of Singapore, in my opinion, one of the reasons is global economy. As a result of the global economic downturn, the economy of Singapore has been decrease dramatically. Singapores economy can not maintain the pace of strong growth in 2010, because Singapores economy is mainly dependent on exports and exports of non-oil products and services, they occupy for much than half of its GDP, which makes the economy vulnerable to changes in global economic growth. Moreover, recent GDP data revisions in the US showed that economic conditions were not as bu irdly as previously thought indeed, aggregate activity had stallight-emitting diode since 2010.Un plasteredty of U.S. economic recovery and the relative recession in the global electronics market has also led to further downturn in Singapores export demand. As reduction of global demand, as the pillar industry of Singapore, exports of electronic products sharply shrinking is the main reason of the countrys economic downturn. Singapore is one of Asias fastest growing economies. This year, the U.S. economy maybe decline in growth rate and the global electronics industry may decline are the main danger facing by Singapores economy.The Monetary Authority of Singapore states domestic economic activity fell by 6.5% in the second quarter of 2011. The contraction was led by a slowdown in trade-related activities, collect to supply-chain disruptions from the Japan earthquake and weaker demand from the advanced economies(MAS, 2011). Economic growth was weak in the 2011, reflecting the impac t of transitory shocks such as higher oil prices and the Nipponese earthquake.A strong dollar will stimulate GDP by discouraging exports and encouraging imports, says Bob McTeer, former president of the Federal Reserve brim of Dallas.Monetary factors also affect GDP. The U.S is one of Singapores major trading partners, the U.S. dollar exchange rate continued to decline, the relative value of Singapore dollar amplification, but Singapore is a country need to reserve more foreign currency, which means it needs more exports, exporting more production needs to undervalue its own currency. Therefore, the decline in the dollar also affected Singapores exports, led to GDP growth declined.Question 2In my opinion, I agree with the statement without a doubt. The main aim of the government is to reduce high inflation to keep balance.Inflation, a monetary phenomenon, is an increase in money and credit. Its major consequence is raising prices. Inflation occurs when the economys aggregate vol ume of money expenditures grows at a faster rate than its total real output grows. Inflation is thus an increase in the supply of money without a corresponding increase in the supply of goods and services. (Edward, 2000)The prescribed measure of the inflation is the increase of the general level of prices measured over a period of time, and RPI or CED is used as a measurement. To explain how it does this I must first explain the main two different causes of inflation.First type of inflation is called cost-push inflation. It basically means that increasing costs of factors of production (wages, rent interest, cost of raw materials, increased normal profit requirement) push up the general level of prices. This applies to the aggregate supply side of the economy and arises partly because general wage costs arise, for example the powerful trade unions might have pushed up wages without increasing the productivity.Import prices play a role as well, because nowadays no country is indepen dent of the others. When a country has lower inflation than others it tends to import inflation with its foreign trade because foreign goods get more expensive. Also, for example, the massive rise in oil prices affected western oil-importing economies and caused inflation. The changing exchange rates also cause inflation. As the production costs of the soused rise it has to increase its price to cover the costs. Then in turn, as the goods are expensive, labour demands wage increases that will increase the production costs as yet further.Another type of inflation is demand-pull inflation. This occurs when aggregate demand exceeds the value of output at full employment.The role of government is to ease pressures from inflation it takes appropriate monetary policy or fiscal policy to reduce high inflation based on different types of inflation. The government has several ways to control inflation. It can do this by using fiscal policy that manages the aggregate demand by using governm ent spending and monetary policy to reduce investment, outlay and the circulation of the currency.Fiscal policy government should raise tax rate and reduce expenditure, for example, raising expenditure tax, it makes goods more expensive, so you need to pay more consumption tax when you buy something, it will make you reduce the number of purchasing things. Thus, the total market demand will reduce at a certain level, making the overall price fall, playing an alleviative role to high inflation.Main weapon to fight against inflation after 1970 has been monetary policy, widely used by Conservatives. The main policies have included controlling interest rates and medium-term financial strategy. Also the real inflation is much caused by peoples expatiation on future inflation, reducing the expectations of inflation in the future has been one of the governments aims.The consequences of inflation are quite serious. It has bad effect on growth, because it increases uncertainty and discoura ges savings. It is also damaging for the balance of payment, because it makes imports cheaper. It distributes incomes in favour of profit earning, away from fixed earning pensioners, whose real income will fall. Therefore, government must play active role in managing high inflation rate by an economy all the time.References1. The Monetary Authority of Singapore, Recent Economic Developments in Singapore, 01 Sep 2011, pp 01 01 Dec. 20112. Bob McTeer, Impact of a Weak Dollar by Admin, Posted in Financial Planning, 03 August 2011 01 Dec. 2011http//ourbusinessnews.com/impact-of-a-weak-dollar3. Edward W. Younkins, HOW GOVERNMENT MANIPULATES MONEY AND PRODUCES INFLATION, 28 Oct. 2000 02 Dec. 2011http//www.quebecoislibre.org/001028-11.htm4. Walter E. Williams, Syndicated Columnist, The governments role in inflation, 06 Sep. 2009 02 Dec. 2011http//www.journal-news.net/ summon/content.detail/id/524850/The-government-s-role-in-inflation.html5. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond culture. New York Dubl eday Dell Publishing. 17 October. 2011

God’s Divine Justice in Dante’s ‘Inferno” Essay

Midway through the trip of our life, I found/myself in a dark wood, for I had strayed/from the straight pathway to this confused ground. These famous lines from Dantes the pits signify the themes of religion and personal salvation in the poem. Often when one embarks on a journey of self-discovery, they travel to places which bewilder one by their strangeness. Expecting to see what is straightfor fightd and acceptable, one is suddenly presented with exceptions. Just as such self-examiners might encounter their inner demons, so does Dante, both as a fiber and a writer, as he sets out to walk through his Inferno. The image of being lost in dark woods sets up a clear dichotomy between the supposed unen blithe several(prenominal)ened ignorance that one endures payable to a lack of faith in God and the clear glow provided by Gods love.Dante uses contrasting symbols to indicate the characters challenge. The dark woods embodies Dantes fear, yet the right road symbolizes his confidence in God, ultimately revealing that Dantes journey is to find the presence of God in a sinful world. However, the journey upon which Dante is embarking is not solely his, but rather that of every human being. Consistent with the views of his time, Dante believes that this journey is one that every individual essential undertake, so as to understand their sins and find peace with God.This is an division with which advance(a) readers stool identify, as present society is conscious of an individuals right to find peace within themselves and the universe. While there are some(prenominal) different religions and divine beings which are worshipped today, the medieval view of personal salvation and spiritual peace is still applicable to any of these variations. Dantes journey throughout the Inferno also gives readers a glimpse into his own perception of what constitutes sin. It whitethorn be harder, however, for modern readers to agree with the avengement for certain sins, in light o f liberal advances in societys views and the constantly changing nature of moral and societal norms.The torments that sinners are subjected to in Dantes Inferno may bet extreme to modern readers, however, throughout the poem it becomes clear that there is balance in Gods justice and each sinner suffers to a story befitting the gravity of their sins. Dantes journey to save his soul reveals a correspondence between a souls sin on reason and the penalization scramd in Hell. A few examples are the Sullen, who choke on mud theWrathful, who attack one another and the Gluttonous, who are forced to feast excrement. This brings into light one of Dantes main themes, the perfection of Gods justice, which is relevant throughout time. THROUGH ME THE WAY TO SOULS IN ABOMINATION./JUSTICE MOVED MY wide MAKER IN MY DESIGN. The inscription over the gates of Hell in Canto III explicitly states that God created Hell and its punishments through the motivation of justice. Hell exists to punish si n and the specific punishments awarded are suitable, as they testify to the divine perfection, which all sin violates. To modern readers, however, the torments that Dante and Virgil behold, on their journey through the circles of Hell, may seem harsh.For example, queers mustiness(prenominal) endure an eternity of walking on hot sand and those who charge interestingness on loans must sit beneath a rainy surprise of fire. These, like many of the sins that Dante punishes in the Inferno, are socially acceptable and common in the present world. While many cultures do not accept homosexual relations, intolerance for this style of life has decreased dramatically in the past generation and by many, is no longer viewed as a sin against nature. Likewise, charging interest on loans is common in the commercialized business economies of the modern world. A modern reader would not deem the punishments run acrossd by these sinners as set aside. However, it is positive to realize that Dant e is create verbally during a period of great spectral influence and obedience to theological ideals. In addition, when the poem is viewed in its entirety, it becomes clear that the guiding rationale behind these punishments is one of justice and balance.The poem progresses from minor sins to major ones, as the duo proceeds deeper into the fires of Hell and closer to Lucifer himself. While some readers may object to the placements of some sins, the damned souls that reside in the deepest part of Hell, the 9th Circle, are neither a medieval nor modern view, but in fact, timeless. Dante reserves the harshest punishments for those who return committed sins against those whom the sinner has special ties to, like family or friends. Despite the act, modern readers can agree that a traitor of this nature must be deservedly punished. Early on in Inferno, Dante presents tension between the objective impersonality of Gods justice and the human beneficence that the character of Dante feel s for the souls that he sees around him. However, Dante is demonstrating that sinners receive punishment in divine proportion to their sin and to pity their suffering isto demonstrate a lack of understanding.The reader must be wary of succumbing to the fellow feeling that Dante first shows towards some of the damned souls, as messengers from heaven show their lack of concern for the damned and eventually, Dante also becomes less inclined to pity the sinners, trusting the quad wisdom of divine justice. It is assumed in Christian theology that God is divine and just and thusly, it is futile to question His judgments. Subsequently, it should be realized that Dantes sympathy towards some of the characters in Hell is incorrect. Everything about God is just it is still in the mortal world of sin and death that one finds injustice, which is the mark of Cain on humanity. Yet Dantes treatment of some characters asks the reader to put aside their sins and admire their human traits.However, if the reader begins to feel sympathy for Francesca, it must be mention that she is a woman with the habit of blaming others for her own difficulties Pier delle Vigne has totally abandoned his loyalty for God in favour of his powerful emperor Ulysses is a character of great ego and even Ugolinos paternal feelings pitch a central concern for his own well-being. These characteristics may, however, elude the reader and thus, two figures from heaven square off into hell to remind Dante of his mission, indicating how the reader should perceive these sinners. Virgil tells Dante of Beatrices visit to Limbo, where she admits no compassion for the tribulations of the damned, she only wishes to return to Paradise as soon as possible. When an nonsuch arrives to open the gates of Dis, which had been slammed in the face of Virgil, he makes it clear that he has no interest in the damned nor in Dantes situation, he only wants to complete his task quickly and leave Hell. Despite these reminder s, both the character of Dante and the reader fall victim to their human sympathy for many of the sinners in the in the first place cantos.Throughout Canto III, Dante displays a great deal of sympathy for the souls he encounters his depiction of Hell as a wal lead city conforms to medieval Catholic theology and exemplifies the religious awareness of the period. Upon passing through the gates of Hell, Dante hears innumerable cries of torment and suffering. Virgil explains that these cries emanate from the souls of those who lived their lives without making conscious moral choicesand thus, did not commit their lives to good or evil. Subsequently, the nonchalance of these souls have caused both heaven and Hell to deny them entry. These souls now reside in the Ante-Inferno, within Hell yet not truly part of it, where they must chase constantly after a blank banner.The empty banner symbolizes their meaningless existence on earth. Flies and wasps continually bite them, and writhing wor ms have the blood and tears that flow from them. The souls of the uncommitted are joined in this torment by the neutral angels those who sided with neither God nor Satan in the war in Heaven. That death had undone so many, I had not dreamed. Like Dante, modern readers will also find it hard to accept the fate of these hesitant souls. It seems unfair that by not succumbing to either good or evil, they must still endure punishment in the afterlife.In this canto, Dante also describes Hell as being formed out of justice and also as a city THROUGH ME THE WAY TO THE CITY OF DESOLATION. Historically, large cities had begun to play an increasingly crucial role in the social and economic life of Europe during Dantes time. Particularly in Italy, where city-states such as Dantes native Florence had become meaning(a) bases of social organization. Dante portrays Hell as a city in large part because, to a thinker in the early fourteenth century, any substantial human population would have su ggested a city. In religious terms, there are only two great cities Heaven or Hell. While Heaven is a city of God, Hell is a city of Man as the damned souls have succumbed to temptation and sin, preoccupied only with self-preservation and gain.This may be a more medieval idea, as cities were viewed as a source of evil and were enjoying a relatively new period of prosperity. However, crime in modern generation is more prevalent in cities and thus, more citizens prefer to live in the suburbs. Even the structure of Hell represents a city. The outer limits are like the countryside, containing the hesitant souls. As Dante and Virgil progress through the outer circles, which can be seen as the suburbs, they encounter lesser sins. However, as they continue further into the depths of Hell and towards the citys heart, the sins increase in gravity. Dantes opinion of the sinners also begins to progress and become less sympathetic at this point.In Cantos XII and XIII, Dante continues to exhib it sympathy for some sinners, however appears to be becoming more cynical as he encounters many damned souls from Florence the punishments in these cantos also reflect a rationale for appropriate degrees of anguish. In these cantos, Dante encounters souls who were violent towards others and themselves. The first group must stand in a pool of stewing blood. Going along with the theme of appropriate punishment as part of Gods justice, each of these souls is subjected to a different level of agony. The souls who only killed one person stand only with their legs in the boiling blood. However, the souls of tyrants, like Alexander, have even their heads submerged. Why must these souls stand in boiling blood and not water? It is because it was blood which they lusted after during life, causing them to be violent. In this portion of his journey, Dante does not display sympathy for the torment of these souls. O senseless rage and blind cupidity/that in the short life chivy us so/and in ete rnal one drench us wretchedly.As opposed to the earlier cantos, Dante recognizes that the greed and anger of these souls during life are obligated for their punishment in Hell. In the next canto, Dante encounters those souls who were violent towards themselves by committing suicide. Their fate in afterlife is to suffer as trees having discarded their bodies while on earth, these souls have been rendered unable to assume human form for the rest of eternity. To some modern readers, the punishment of souls who commit suicide may seem unnecessary, as these people must have already endured great suffering during life to commit such a sin. The punishment of violence, however, seems appropriate.Towards the end of Canto XIII, Dante learns from one tree-soul that his home city, Florence, constantly succumbs to conflict due to its abandonment of Mars as it patron saint, in favour of John the Baptist. The city that chose the Baptist to replace/ its ancient patron, who for all time to come/wil l therefore use his art to afflict our race. Mars was the god of war and thus, Florence is persistently filled with feuding factions. Dante, however, tends to blame the state of Florences politics on certain authoritative draws of his time.In Canto XXVII, Dante shows his intolerance for the policy-making corruption in Florence, along with a more cynical and modern view, believing that moral dilemmas should be intercommunicate using logic and not by blindly bonding areligious figure, as Pope Boniface VII led da Montefeltro to Hell. The political and spiritual leaders in Florence are subjected to harsh punishments and viewed with great contempt by the character of Dante, due to the personal history of the author. Dante Alighieri was born in 1265 in Florence, Italy, to a family of moderate wealth that had a history of involvement in the complex Florentine political scene. Dantes personal life and subsequent writing of The Divine Comedy were greatly influenced by the politics of th e late 13th Century. The struggle for power in Florence between the church and state for authority was a conflict that existed throughout Europe. In Florence, these two loyalties were represented by the Guelph party, which supported the papacy, and the Ghibelline party, which supported imperial power.The last truly powerful Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick II, died in 1250, and by Dantes time, the Guelphs were in power in Florence. However, the party had divided into two factions the Whites (Dantes party), who supported the independence of Florence from strict papal control, and the Blacks, who were willing to fashion with the pope in order to restore their power. Under the direction of Pope Boniface VIII, the Blacks gained control of Florence in 1301 and Dante, as a visible and influential leader of the Whites, was exiled within a year. In Canto XXVII, Dante encounters the damned soul of Guido da Montefeltro, who had been a member of the Ghibelline party but had undergone a spiritual conversion and entered a Franciscan monastery. However, he was subsequently persuaded to re-enter politics on the opposite side by Pope Boniface VIII. Boniface eventually asked da Montefeltros advice on how to capture a Ghibelline fortress and promised him absolution in advance, despite the accuracy of any advice.However, upon his death, da Montefeltro was pulled into Hell by a devil who exclaimed Because of the fraudulent counsellor he presented./Ive been at his hair since the instant of the wrong,/for no one can be absolved who has not repented It is impossible for a man to receive absolution before sinning, as absolution cannot precede repentance and repentance cannot precede the sin. At this point, Dante does not question the spiritual authority of the Christian Church. He does, however, show his contempt for Pope Boniface. Dantes message from this encounter is that when Christians find themselves faced with moral dilemmas, they must use their reason rather than blindly follow the directions of a churchfigure. Dante does not believe that the Churchs authority should overrule logic, especially given the Churchs frequent descents to corruption. This is an element of the Inferno which modern readers can greatly relate to. Presently, science and other logical studies dictate mans knowledge of his world. It is also used more ofttimes in making decisions tha basic reliance on ones religion, as was the case in medieval times.While the modern reader can relate to Dantes insistence that logic dominate religion in certain matters, there are still many elements of Dantes Hell which may trouble a modern audience. As aforementioned, many of the punishments may seem harsh and even unwarranted, given present social and moral norms. Another element of disagreement may be found with Dantes depiction of Limbo. In Canto IV, Virgil and Dante descend into the First Circle of Hell, known as Limbo, which is inhabited by those souls who led virtuous lives but were not baptized or lived before the advent of Christianity. In a world where there are many different religions and sentiment systems that, for the close part, co-exist relatively harmoniously, the idea of punishing pagans seems unjust.If these souls were unaware of Christianity or chose not to follow this faith during life, then why should they be subjected to the same judgment as Christians? This is an example of the dominant Christian theme in the Inferno and one of the many reasons why modern readers may find it difficult to identify with Dantes Hell. Consequently, the greatest challenge that Dantes Inferno presents to modern readers is its lack of tolerance. This is due to the great influence that the Christian religion enjoyed during this period and the rigid outline of sins that existed in the Bible. The character of Dante is prepared to offer sympathy towards some souls, but is encouraged by heavenly messengers to show no compassion or tolerance for the sins of the damned. cut philosophe r, Voltaire, later would identify this flaw in the Christian faith Of all religions, Christianity is without a doubt the one that should inspire tolerance most, although, up to now, the Christians have been the most intolerant of all men.

Walt Whitman

I chose Walt Whitman for my biography report because Mr. Farlow said that if I wasnt going to take this class gravely and pick a real poet I might as well not come to class anymore. Walt Whitman was an awful child molester who was born in antique Hong Kong. He is over 3,000 years old and remembers the names of all the forgotten Gods. Walt Whitman is 90 stories tall, and his adventures are legendary. With his blue ox, Emily Dickenson, Walt Whitman traveled across young America and helped the commonwealth greow into the angry powerhouse it is today.He dropped his mighty axe, forming the Grand Canyon the apple cores he would spit from his mighty mouth planted apple treees all acoess the acres and the stomp of his mighty boot caused the stock market to crash. He and his friend, Huck Finn, traveled down the Mississippi river and freed the slaves. Walt Whitman believed that the only good Chinaman was a jobless Chinaman, so he went to Tiananmen Square and gave them all candy. Except in stead of candy he killed them.Walt Whitmans might seem like a real cool guy, entirely in reality hes a whiny. His Livejournal, which he doesnt think anyone knows about is full of whiny goth poetry. His Current Mood is ever Apathetic and his music is always some obscure punk band that no one has ever heard of. SOme people who pretended to be his friend so they could put down access to his friends only posts grabbed some of poetry and made a book from them, and called it Ode to Faggotry. When tehy found out other goth kids would actually read it, they changed the name to Leaves of poop and it sold like gothcakes. Walt Whitman to this day doesnt know theyre selling his poems andmaking a fortune off him. They still dont invite him to any parties though, because no one likes him. Walt Whitman died a sole(a) man in Walt Disney Land. He was on the gondola ride, and he fell out because he wasnt fastened properly to the restraint. Thanks to his dumb, now none of us can ride it anymore. Thanks a lot Walt Whitman.

Monster Energy Drink Target Audience and Company Objectives Essay

Consumer fashion giant star Energy Target Market Because the capacity drink is still part of a refreshed and developing industry, the zip fastener drink physical object food mart is different than in some of the other drink industries. Monster energy drinks have become a very popular, hip part of society, but the market at which they be aimed is not as wide and expansive, or divers(a), as some might think. aboriginal in energy drink history, when they were first being sold in the United States, athletes were the primary consumers.This shows that dismantle initially energy drinks were directed at a select crowd, a group of people with particular(prenominal) interests. Although the consumer base for energy drinks has now expanded beyond that of simply athletes, the bespeak market is still to a greater extent(prenominal) particular than in other industries. When thinking about the energy drink target market, it is important to subscribe who is most receptive to the purp orted effects of the beverages. Although everyone is susceptible to the fatigue of the super-charged, over-worked lifestyle, young people are especially defenseless to persistent exhaustion and insufficient energy.This group of people, more specifically male teenagers and people in their 20s, are also most likely to believe in the veracity of the energy drinks claims. As a result, the bulk of energy drinks are developed for and advertised to this younger generation. In addition to focusing on a specific age group, many energy drink companies are even more exclusive in their merchandising efforts, gearing their merchandises and advertising to appeal to very specialized groups, much(prenominal)(prenominal) as gamers, extreme sports enthusiasts, and the tap crowd. The effects of this emphasis on such a target market can be seen in the advertising campaigns of the energy drinks.Many of the names of the beverages, such as Monster LoCarb appeal to these specific consumers and the mark eting strategies that revolve around sponsoring public events or celebrity endorsements reflect this focus. The design and packaging of many energy drinks also relates to the target market. Although the energy drink industry currently caters to a very specific target market, as it continues to grow and develop, it is likely that marketing efforts and the focus consumer base will be more diverse and expansive.The Monster Energy Drink, distributed by Monster Beverages Co., uses concentrated targeting as a marketing strategy. Strong forwarding strategies including product hand-outs by young attractive vendors in powerful trucks b in the ending music are greens ways The Company promotes in cities. The Company also uses Ricky Carmichael, a motocross legend, to endorse their products. 40 foot posters are used to target motocross fans which are a major target market for Monster Beverages Co. (Murr, 2006). Other potent advertisements take using high contrast, recognizable posters in ret ail stores and high energy, adrenaline rushed TV ads.Advantages of concentrated marketing include concentration of resources, better meeting the needs of the target audition, and strong positioning. Disadvantages include segments being too grim or changing, and large competitors such as red bull to more effectively market to niche. According to Rodney Sacks, CEO, the target audience is 18 25 year old males (Murr, 2006). This market is focused on a product which offers an energy boost, so any audience that is involved in sports, or high endurance activity is a clear target.The green claw marks correspond adrenaline, power, and testosterone, accompanying its motto, unleash the monster within. High schools and colleges are clear niches for these high energy markets. The demographics for the target market for Monster energy drink are Major Cities 18-25 year olds Males Athletes/ High endurance activities Income ? shopping mall class According to the 2000 enumerate, there are approx imately 10 meg males who fall under Sacks audience of 18 25 year old males. But I believe the target market is expanding to be much wider than that including women and older men.Judging by the effectiveness of free handout promotions in hot locations such as South beach, Florida, I see a target market of males and females ages 12 35. According to the census this number is around 80 million (US Census Bureau, 2007). Hansens Monster Energy drinks offer monstrosity doses of caffeine and sugar in big black cans adorned with neon-colored claw marks. The scary packaging, plus a bevy of extreme-sports sponsorships, positions Monster as an edgy alternative to Red Bull in the fast-growing, $2 cardinal a year energy-drink market.Monsters slogan Unleash the beast. Monster has certainly energized Hansen. The company has seen its gross gross revenue more than double since it introduced the brand in April, 2002. Last year, Hansen take a craped $20 million on sales of $180 million, up from just $3 million of profits on sales of $80 million in 2001. Sales nearly doubled, while profits quadrupled, in this years first quarter. Those results helped Hansen earn the No. 26 spot on BusinessWeeks annual ranking of Hot Growth Companies. Monster Objectives Hansen has jolted the Monster brand with a dose of guerrilla marketing.Teams of Monster ambassadors give out samples of the product at concerts, beach parties, and other events. The company also sponsors motocross, surfing, and skateboarding competitions. Hansen representatives in black Monster vans extension the companys network of 300 independent distributors by assembling store displays and restocking specially designed racks in convenience store coolers. Hansen now owns an 18% share of the energy-drink category, according to the trade publication _Beverage Digest_. composition Red Bull remains the leader with nearly half of the market, Hansens energy-drink sales increased 162% last year more than three times Red Bulls growth rate. A small subset of consumers is going wild over these drinks, says Beverage Digest editor and publisher John Sicher. Hansen is really go a tiger. Its a jungle out there, though. Coca-Cola Co. (**KO**(.. /javascript%20void%20showTicker(KO)) ) is promoting its new Full bound energy drink.PepsiCo Inc. (**PFE**(../javascript%20void%20showTicker(PFE)) ) is marketing energy drinks under its SoBe and Mountain Dew brands. And independent entrepreneurs have elbowed their way in with products such as Rockstar and FUZE Mega Energy. Every month we pick up a new product or two, says George Kalil, who runs an independent bottling company in Tucson. Sacks estimates that the energy-drink category is growing 50% a year and that theres room in the market for everybody. These are the new soft drinks of the world, he declares. Sacks and Schlosberg are fending off the lash out by diversifying.Theyve launched Joker, an energy drink sold exclusively in Circle K convenience stores, and Rumb a, a caffeine-laced juice drink designed to be a morning pick-me-up. And they introduced Monster Assault, which comes in a black-and-gray mask can that saysDeclare war on the ordinary Its a slogan that could describe the juiced-up strategy of this at one time sleepy beverage player. It is apparent that Monster has become a major player in the energy beverage market. We hope to be the number one choice of energy drinks among consumers.

Csr of British American Tobacco Bangladesh

incarnate Social obligation (CSR) of British American baccy Bangladesh ( work outB) Prep atomic number 18d by Sadia Zerin ID 41119022 segment hold ineting Submitted to Dr. Tunajjina Mehzabin Assistant Professor Faculty of personal credit line Studies University of capital of Bangladesh Date 6/4/2011 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of British American tobacco plant plant Bangladesh By Sadia Zerin ID 41119022 has been approved April, 2011 Dr. Tunajjina Mehjabin Assistant Professor Faculty of Business Studies University of capital of Bangladesh 6th April, 2011 Tunajjina MehjabinAssistant Professor, Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka, Bangladesh Madam I want to submit my headache report on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) of British American tobacco Bangladesh (BATB). I am submitting this report as a partial fulfilment of MKT 511(Organizational Behavior). This report is going to provide valuable in engineeration virtu eachy the CSR activities of British A merican tobacco plant Bangladesh. on that pointfore, I induce hold of your kind upkeep to assess my report considering the limitations of the dissect.Your kind suggestion provide encourage me to accomplish offend research work in future. Yours sincerely, Sadia Zerin ID 41119022 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary 6 1. 0 Introduction.. 7 2. 1 Objective of The Study . 8 2. Limitations of The study.. 8 2. 0 What is Corporate Social Responsibility.. 9 3. 3 Theories to Analyze and Explain Corporate Social Responsibility. 10 3. 4. 1 Stakeholder scheme10 3. 4. 2 Social Contracts surmise. 10 3. 4. 3 genuineness Theory. 11 3. 4 Consumer Evaluation of CSR.. 1 3. 0 Key Drivers of CSR in Bangladesh. 12 4. 0History of British American baccy Bangladesh.. 14 4. 0 CSR Activities of BATB 16 5. 2 Social describe.. 17 5. 3 region to Environmental Management.. 18 5. 4. Afforestation. 19 5. 4. 2 Alternative to Wood Fuel 20 5. 4. 3 Fertiliser.. 20 5. 4. 4 Soil conservation 20 5. 4. 5 Pro duct Waste & factory Emmision 1 5. 3 BAT CSR towards its Human preference 22 DEVELOPME5. 3. 1 Providing Facilities 23 5. 3. 2 motive Employees. 24 5. 3. 3 Removal of Barriers.. 25 5. 3. 4 retaliate System 25 6. tobacco plant fabrication and Corporate Social Responsibility An Inherent contradiction .. 26 7. 0 Conclusion. 29 7. 1 Recommendation 29 Executive Summary The sole intention of mesh-seeking among organisations has at a fourth dimension been change magnitudely superseded by the need to acquire the favour of customers both xisting and potential customers. Companies that intend to be at the devolve of their respective industries, or even survive, need the favour of the general. They could do this by presenting a positive image by means of selling or they could touch a more profound aspect of their tar she-bop market particularly those relevant to the cleans and principles of the public. This need spawned what is termed as corporeal favorable personal credit li ne(CSR). Business organizations in Bangladesh atomic number 18 at whizz era widely conf engagementd in these CSR activities and British American Tobacco Bangladesh (BATB) is one of them.This report mainly investigates close the CSR activities of BATB and keeps an eye on its contr exclusively oversy. 1. 0 Introduction An enterprises usual main goal is to get itself in the des centime world and reach the largest market possible. Shortly speaking, business is basic totallyy about money-making. Employing jobs is the near of import benefit an enterprise gives that helps run the economy. The business indus analyze is the main core of economy of a country. However, gaining profit should not only be the sole focus of a business.Founding an enterprise engages in larger tender responsibility. Social responsibility involves everyone in the society, from someones to groups and organizations. It is an ideology that citizens should not function as individual beings with selfish mot ives but instead nominate to the welf be of the society. In the business world, corporate neighborly responsibility (CSR) is a mechanism of self-regulation in which it continues to focus on gaining profit but ensuring the enterprise abides by the law, resist estimable standards and consider orthogonal norms.In this case, businesses embrace the responsibility of its stakeholders, employees, consumers, communities and the environs. Essentially, corporate social responsibility nameedly includes the public pertain into enterprise decision-making and voluntarily eliminates practices that harm the general public. However, critics debate that CSR distracts the thorough economic fiber of businesses because considering public swallowest might decrease its contribution to the economy in financial terms. Considering public interest could confine the innovations and market of an enterprise, thus losing money.But nonetheless, the pressure applied on industry in up(p) ethical busine ss processes has plusd due to arising issues of 21stcentury marketplaces. Regardless of many controversies, corporate social responsibility has definitely found its place in every establishment and British American Tobacco is one of the leading group companies that consider corporate social responsibility. Due to the nature of their intersection, tobacco companies event much criticism from many fronts, particularly the media and NGOs.This public criticism has meant tobacco companies strive to implement audio and commendable CSR principles, maidens, and codes, often voluntarily reporting on their CSR or sustainability activities. Tobacco companies have too exercise set about criticism regarding their lobbying practices since the 1950s and onwards. Engagement with stakeholders has demonstrated to BAT that its product causes harm to its users, and believes that a responsible tobacco club should take steps to reduce the level of harm as much as possible.British American Tobacco in particular has been widely lauded for its CSR and stakeholder engagement foremosts, while at the same time strongly c chequerd and targeted by multiple NGO reports and in the press. 1. 1 Objective of The Study The main nonsubjective of the paper is to research the course and alive CSR practices done by BAT. First, definition of CSR is analyzed from the economic spot of business organization and consumer rating. Secondly, we focus on the key bewilderrs of CSR in Bangladesh.Thirdly, we discuss about the history and its existing and running CSR activities of BATB. On the next section we focus on the controversy about the CSR activities of BAT. Finally , we adjudicate the paper with some recommendation. 1. 2 Limitations of The study The study was limited by a number of factors. Firstly, the study was confined only to Bangladesh. Secondly, I wanted to include some opposite information like contact of CSR towards the overall performance of BATB, the overall cost of CSR insid e the organization etc but I didnt get supporting information in the internet.Finally, time modesty led to get narrower outcomes, and finally the knowledge constraint of time constraint led to get narrower outcomes. 2. What is Corporate Social Responsibility? Theorists ar increasingly practical application a wide range of issues such as workplace, marketplace, environment, community, ethics, and human rights on the area of CSR. Though thither are hundreds of studies examining CSR, researchers still lack of agreement on a precise definition about it. For shaping CSR, they have used several(prenominal) factors, theories, and perception about it.Economic perspective of organizations is one of the most important determinants of their CSR. Those who adopt neoclassical view believe that doing good to society is not the purpose of business (Friedman, 1962). They sign mainly on profit maximization and consider only payment of taxes and provision of employees as CSR. There are new(preno minal) organizations that find this neoclassical view quite non-normative and adopt a moral undertake linked to social expectation (Holmes, 1976). In addition to profit making, they are involved in CSR for their moral obligation to society.They take a view that because business has imaginations and skills it should help to solve problems of society. Other than these devil approaches, in that location is an otherwise broad strand conjured enlightened self-interest (CCPA, 2000). The adapter of this approach find that by attaining a enhanced social role an organization can get business benefit, long term business sustainability and maintain support of its community. But it leaves a controversy whether this approach is motivated by only profit motive as it was in neoclassical approach or there underlies any moral or ethical imperative. . 1 Theories to Analyze and Explain Corporate Social Responsibility. 2. 1. 1 Stakeholder theory A fundamental question often arises about CSR that so cially responsible to whom. To answer this question, Freeman argued that business relationships should include all those who may affect or be affected by a corporation. Much of the research in stakeholder theory has sought to systematically address the question of which stakeholders deserve or require oversight attention (Freeman, 1984, p. 46).Approaches to this question have focused on relationships between organizations and stakeholders found on re-sentencing transactions, power dependencies, genuineness cl scrams, or other claims. Researchers have attempted to integrate stakeholder theory with other managerial perspectives, particularly theories of political science and agency. In this theory, stakeholders are typically analyzed into primary group (including shareholders, investors, employees, customers, suppliers) and secondary groups (who influence or are influenced by the corporation, but they are not engaged in transactions with the corporation). . 1. 2 Social Contracts Theory Donaldson and Dunfees social contracts theory provides a realistic and equilibrate approach to ethical decision-making that requires managers to consider firms ethical obligations to respect local community norms without violating universal moral principles. Hence companies who adopt a view of social contracts would describe their involvement as part of social expectation. 2. 1. 3 Legitimacy TheoryLegitimacy theory asserts that organizations continually seek to ensure that they operate within the bounds and norms of their respective societies, that is, they attempt to ensure that their activities are perceived by outside parties as being legitimate (Suchman, 1995). These bounds and norms are not considered to be fixed, but rather, change over time, thereby requiring the organization to be responsive to the environment in which they operate. 2. 2 Consumer Evaluation of CSR Consumer evaluation of CSR differs from country and nuance (Clarkson, 1995). CSR usually exchanges cons umer support approval in return. afterward reviewing the research of Todd Green and Fohn Peloza the consumer responses found are * Consumer responses to CSR depend on how CSR is manifested. For example, cause think marketing (donating a percentage of sales) is less effective than unrestricted cash donations at countering negative news about firm. unitary other hand, consumers are more likely to support firms that engage in cause related marketing when compared to the firm involvement in advocacy advertising (encouraging customers to support a given social issue with no overt request to purchase from the firm). Customers evaluate CSR of a firm gibe to their let interest, morals, and priorities. For example, a consumer may not support McDonalds because of their work with McDonalds Childrens Charities, but they testament be extremely motivated because of the healthy products it now offers in its menu. * Social performance of a firm is about the evaluation of actions, and not the actions themselves. For example, a question often arises whether Wal-Mart be considered a responsible company for providing consumers with low-priced goods or an irresponsible one for paying its employee low wages. 3.Key Drivers of CSR in Bangladesh The current agenda for CSR in Bangladesh is goaded by three factors, of which the main nervous impulse for change is an increasing scrutiny of the local practices of subsidiaries of MNCs. The continuing incidents of pollution, exploitation, and increasing local appreciation and buy-in to world-class CR closely underpin the case for change to a wider word sense of CSR practices. The increased social consciousness of western consumers, brought about by high-profile cases of corporate exploitation, has been a strong impetus for companies to focus on CSR practices.This has placed pressure on local subsidiaries of international MNCs to be held accountable and responsible. One sector where this is increasingly evident is the garment sector in Bangladesh. Here companies tend to perform better on CSR practices relative to other sectors, due to increased scrutiny and standard setting by their fire companies (Mortier,2003). In Bangladesh, the ability to hold companies accountable has also been facilitated to some extent, by the significant growth in the number of local NGOs (non-governmental organizations).In 1970, it was estimated that there were around 40 NGOs operating in Bangladesh. By 1999, the embark was estimated at 22 000, of which around 150 are of foreign origin . In Bangladesh, as elsewhere in the world, out of the trend towards privatization and market liberalization policies, a discourse has emerged on the imperative for business to take up wider social responsibilities, which would both complement the role of the state and fill in the stead workd through possible retreat of the state.An example of this is the HIV/ AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus / Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) porta kicked off in 1998 by FICCI (Foreign Investors Chamber of Commerce and Industry) in Bangladesh and UNAIDS (the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS), so as to form a business coalition on AIDS in the country (Matin 2002). The imperative for CSR is also the continuing evidence of issues and incidents relating to the wasteful use of scarce resources and pollution caused by industries, as well as by consumers in Bangladesh.Some examples of these include the struggle between woods pewee farmers and rice growers over land usage, the deforestation of the Chittagong hill tracts due to gas and oil prospecting, and the pollution of the Gulshan-Baridhara lake in Dhaka from the dumping of industrial waste from the Tejgaon, Badda, and Mohakhali industrial areas. These incidents have been reported in the international press as well as on international business and human rights websites, and have resulted in great international and local demands for CSR practices.Local and global resistance to cor porate irresponsibility has resulted in community campaigns in the case of shrimp farming in Bangladesh, as well as quality pressures from European man and wife health regulators and consumer boycotts in Europe. Together, these local and global pressures have helped shape the CR agenda in Bangladesh. The drive for improved CR is evident in certain sectors through a new generation of business leaders, keen to develop new skills and new business practices that encompass thinking about a ternary bottom line.For example, a local company in the textile industry Beximco Textiles is part of a leading industrial corporation and a Greenfield technology partnership. It has achieved global competence in environmental and proficient standards through integrating sustainability into innovation and corporate strategy. It has also success risey demonstrated the market benefits of vertical integration. Beximco is now leading the efforts of the Bangladesh Textile and Mills Association at establ ishing a homegrown code of conduct, comparable to international standards. . History of British American Tobacco Bangladesh British American Tobacco Bangladesh troupe extra is a subsidiary of British American Tobacco and is one of the 68 countries in which BAT has Manufacturing plants. It is one of the oldest and largest international companies operating in Bangladesh. BATB started its journey as Imperial Tobacco fellowship contain in the united India in 1910. After the partition of India, Pakistan Tobacco keep company (PTC) was established in 1949 to meet the demand for cigarettes of satisfying of Pakistan.The monthly bulk of sales in the former East Pakistan soon reached 40 gazillion. The population of Dhaka was that time a mere . 25 million. solely the local cigarettes including Capstan, Wills, Scissors, Passing show, Berkley and Tiger were manufactured in Mouripur Factory of Karachi in West Pakistan and were sent to Bangladesh and sold there. The East Pakistan became embroiled in the struggle for achieving full Provincial Autonomy in 1970 and this eventually lead to the civil war and emergence of independent Bangladesh on 16th in December, 1971.After Bangladesh came into being, all properties of Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited (PTC) were declared as addicted property because the owners were citizens of a state which was engaged in war with Bangladesh after 25th March, 1971 and the ownership of the Company vested in the presidency under the Bangladesh Abandoned Property (Control Management and Disposal) Order,1972 (known as P. O. 16). The new infant government activity allowed the local and the expatriate British Management of the former PTC to continue to operate the Company and the reconstitution process was set in motion in 1972 by BAT.The Marketing Department afterwards became no more than an tryst reduce. Its role became limited to the al tummyment of whatever cigarettes that could be produced in the two Cigarettes Factories, to the D istributors. There was an acute paucity of skilled man power (the skilled employees had left for Pakistan), tobacco, Wrapping materials, spare parts and foreign currency. All these except the foreign currency used to come from West Pakistan.After independence of Bangladesh, import of hand-made biris and Tendu leaves as wrapppers for locally made biris, were allowed from India and low-priced paper wrapped cigarettes rapidly lost both grounds and the volume to biris due largely to economic hardship, scarcity of cigarettes-for want of tobacco, wrapping materials and spare parts for the running of the Mollins Mark V makers and the M 2 and the Duplex packers. The sales volume came big bucks to 550 million per month in 1972-73 from its early peak of 1,200 million of an socio-economic class ago.As the Company fell into great crisis of foreign exchange along with focusing and technical support,the Company was compelled to develop its own resources particularly the raw inputs. The propos ed name of the company to be integrate in Bangladesh to succeed PTC, was Tobacco Company Limited (TC) and the Company operated under this name till 2. 2. 1972. TC sought leave from the Ministry of Finance on 28 December, 1971 and the Ministry of Industries (the Ministry) on 30 December,1971 for permission to operate the bank accounts which were in the name of Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited (PTC).The majority shareholders of British American Tobacco Company Limited of former PTC proposed to the Government, on24 January 1972, that BAT be allowed to reconstitute Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited as a joint venture company. The UK shareholders will have 2/3rd interest and the Government a 1/3rd interest in the Company. The business, additions, liabilities of the former PCT will be vested in BTC(Bangladesh Tobacco Company)by authority of the Government. On 25. 1. 72 the proposal was granted. The Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited (BTC) was incorporated on 2. . 1972 as a private lim ited company with only three shareholders of Tk. 10. 00 each-2 from BAT and 1 from the Govt. On receipt of the Ministry of Industries letter dated 11th October,1973 vesting the right of the assets of the former Pakistan Tobacco Company Limited located in Bangladesh into Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited and the Directors capitalized those assets to the extent of Tk. 4,49,99,970 which added to Tk 30 capital already subscribed, amounted to Tk. 4,50,00,000. The archetypical AGM was held on 27th August, 1974 in Motijheel.As BTC has always been a part of BAT and over the old age BTC has proved to be the perfect representative of BAT by manufacturing and marketing quality brands of cigarettes which met the standards of BAT. In intuition to its commitment towards BAT and the important role it played on BAT group, BTC was later named as British American Tobacco Bangladesh Company Limited (BATB). 5. CSR Activities of BATB British American Tobacco Bangladesh has always taken naughtily it s wider role as a corporate citizen.The company is affiliated to building constructive partnerships for change, listening to our stakeholders to try and understand their expectations, and defining and demonstrating responsible behaviour. It is the single largest revenue generator in the private sector, generating some Tk. 1,700 crores in the 2002/03 fiscal class in supplementary duty and VAT for the government. Through various initiatives and projects, it is also involved in improving the environment, supporting community discipline programmes, promoting arts and culture,and assisting with primary health care and tragedy relief.Heres a glimpse of some of our key activities. 5. 1 Social Reporting British American Tobacco Bangladesh is committed to continuous improvement. Its approach to Social Reporting recognises that running a business is not just now about profits. Social Reporting aims to strike a balance between meeting stakeholders reasonable expectations and running a su ccessful business The company has established a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) centering Group chaired by the Managing Director and consisting of the Deputy Managing Director and all function heads.It is responsible for the review of stakeholder feedback, the development of responses, the integration of CSR principles into its business activities, and overseeing British American Tobacco Bangladesh follows the accepted standard for Social Reporting (AA1000), certain and regulated by the Institute of Social and Ethical AccountAbility (also known as AccountAbility). This standard allows users to embed the social accounting, auditing and reporting procedures into current guidance systems.The essence of this standard includes * Putting stakeholder dialogue at the centre of our approach * Embedding the approach, while engaging in dialogue and producing regular reports * Following both the AA1000 and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) framework * Being measured against the AA 1000 Standard through a highly rigorous external verification. This Social Report focuses mainly on issues raised in the the preparation of the Social Report. stakeholder dialogue academic sessions. It also provides overviews on a number of other key and relevant topics. 5. Contribution to Environmental Management Stakeholders are expressing their concern regarding the impact that tobacco cultivation has on the environment. While afforestation programme by British American Tobacco Bangladesh was commended, some stakeholders felt that the company was also contributing to deforestation, as wood cut down for tobacco curing by farmers could become timber in the future. They also expressed their concern regarding the modify foulness issue due to tobacco cultivation. Stakeholders mentioned that British American Tobacco Bangladesh should make more meaning(prenominal) contributions to environmental management.Each stage in the production, distribution and consumption of tobacco products has environmental implications. British American Tobacco companies are in a position to influence immediately some of the environmental impacts occurring during the product life cycle. Its aim is to minimise or eliminate these impacts to reduce our burden on the environment. Wherever it cannot directly manage impacts, it seeks actively to encourage shell practices amongst suppliers, clients and consumers. Since almost all the raw materials used for the production of cigarettes are based on goods from the natural environment, such as tobacco, paper and board.British American Tobacco has committed itself to attaining world class standards of environmental performance. In line with this approach, British American Tobacco Bangladesh already focal point on reducing wastes,promoting recycling, reducing water consumption, using raw materials efficiently, improving soils nutrient composition, introducing alternatives to agricultural chemicals and wood fuels in tobacco developing, reduc ing dependence on fossil fuels, and limiting atmospheric emissions. 5. 2. 1 Afforestation British American Tobacco Bangladesh started the countrys largest private afforestation programme in 1980 and distribute more than 3. million saplings annually. Until now, it has contributed over 6. 35 crore saplings of different varieties countrywide. Most of these are located in the tobacco increase areas of Kushtia, Rangpur, Manikganj and Chittagong including the developing areas of Lama and Alikadam in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. It has been given recognition by the government for its well managed afforestation programme. The recognition came through the Prime Ministers hardihood given to us in 1993, 1999 and 2002 for its contributions to the countrys afforestation programme.In 2008 the company received the award for the tree plantation initiative in Shah Amanat International Airport in Chittagong. The company also received awards in four other occasions as national recognition for contr ibution in tree plantation. It also received several awards from the local government bodies for participating in tree fairs at districts levels. British American Tobacco Bangladesh is one of the four operating companies in the British American Tobacco group, chosen under the global initiative of BAT Biodiversity Partnership, to formulate a local biodiversity strategy and to implement a portfolio of conservation activities.The principal aim of this global thinking, local implementation is to develop a replicable model for corporate biodiversity conservation based on best practice examples derived from the pilot initiatives undertaken by these four operating companies of British American Tobacco. 5. 2. 2 Alternatives to Wood Fuel BATB meets 70% of its wood fuel requirements through alternatives like paddy straw, sugar cane bagasse, jute sticks, dhoncha sticks, mustard stalk, etc. It encourages all its 14,000 registered tobacco growers to use alternate fuel sources in tobacco curing.I t seeks to ensure efficient and sustainable use of wood fuel as far as practicable. 5. 2. 3 Fertiliser BATB uses potassium sulphate which is recommended by Bangladesh Agriculture Research Council (BARC). It also recommends balanced use of fertilisers in the cultivation process. Fertilisers in Bangladesh are produced and import by the government and price is fixed by the government. BATB buys the best available non-adulterated fertilisers from the government in protrude and supply at cost price to our farmers on a no-interest deferred payment basis.This ensures availability of fertilisers locally at affordable prices. In the growing areas, it provides instructions on how organic waste of the homestead can be converted to compost in pits. Farmers are finding this low cost alternative very useful. 5. 2. 4Soil Conservation BATB does not believe tobacco growing causes any imbalance in soil fertility. Tobacco growing itself leads to line up rotation and respite fertilisers, which actua lly improves soil fertility. This is evidenced by the increased yield over the years for both tobacco and other crops.However, it conducts soil quality tests in the tobacco growing areas from time to time to determine the soil fertility status. Tobacco growing in the country has been going on for the last 30 years and there is no indication of loss in soil fertility in the growing areas. Another evidence of this is that farmers do grow other crops in tobacco growing areas. It tries to ensure that soil fertility issues are properly addressed within the existing cropping pattern. Its recommendation for crop rotation is tobacco green manuring paddy/jute paddy. Farmers are regularly trained on the use of balanced fertilisers.BATBs farmers have already taken up soil fertility programme i. e. green manuring and compost making and these will be save developed in the future. Research on producing organic weed killer using tobacco is going on in the developed world. Once any success is achieved, BATB will pilot it to see the impact on its crops. 5. 2. 5 Product Waste and Factory Emission The tobacco curing barns are generally 10 to 12 feet high with the chimney about another two feet higher. Hence, any smoke counterbalance from the wood-fuel burning is emitted high in the air at about 12-14 feet.The residual ashes are used as fertilisers. Every year BATB obtain a clearance certificate from the Department of Environment (DOE). This certification testifies that we are abiding by all environmental laws and regulations relevant to our operations. Recently a study was conducted jointly by DOE, Cantonment Board, DOHS and scientists from Dhaka University. No evidence of any significant environmental impact on the immediate neighbourhood of our cigarette factory was reported. However, recommendations made on making further improvements are being currently implemented.BATB have a global policy on Environmental wellness & Safety (EH&S) practices that aims at achieving a hi gh level of EH&S standards. The standards include the issue of waste management in our Green Leaf Threshing plant and Dhaka factory. A bio-filter plant was set up in 1996 at a cost of Tk 6 crore to reduce the impact of tobacco smell and residue from our Dhaka Factory. This is the only one of its kind in Bangladesh for any industry and is recommended by the DOE as best practice in connection with environmental pollution control. 5. 3 BAT CSR towards its Human ResourceBritish American Tobacco Bangladesh continues to play a significant role in human resource development of the country. It offers world class human resource development trainings for our employees. In 2002 alone approximately 650 of its management and non-management employees attended 30 managerial and 156 technical training programmes on a wide variety of disciplines. As a result many of its managers are employed in BAT group companies in different parts of the world while many former managers are holding top positions i n other reputed companies of Bangladesh.It also provides training programmes to people outside its company. For example * It offers a 12-week internship programme for students of leading business schools in Bangladesh and * Our Managers offer lectures on various management topics in different business schools * It provides marketing skills development programme for BRAC * It runs management development programmes which are attended by managers of other business houses * While we will explore the opportunity for exporting cigarettes, we are committed to satisfy the demands of our consumers in the domestic market.If British American Tobacco Bangladesh withdrew from the cigarette business the demand for cigarettes would not disappear it would simply be satisfied by other manufacturers. * Since 2004, BAT Bangladesh has recruited 37 talented managers from various leading universities through affair of Minds. Thus, participants of this competition might get the added advantage to become a part of BAT Bangladesh This is an exciting opportunity for young people to down their difference and show the world what you are made of.Battle of Minds is one of the most prestigious inter university competition in the country. British American Tobacco Bangladesh has been organizing this event since 2004 with an aim to develop the students into future leaders. everyplace the years, the competition has evolved to include contemporary issues to provide a platform for talented individuals to display entrepreneurial acumen. Battle of Minds thus enables potential graduates to prepare for the extremely competitive job market. OUR ROLE AS A DEVELOPMEN5. 3. 1 Providing FacilitiesTo develop the most vital element of the organization which is the human resource, BATB has put in a lot of efforts in responding to various changes and problems through effective formulation and implementation of human resource strategies through the HR department. It gives attractive facilities to its employe es such as * PF Loan * Retirement benefits * Workers canteen * Dispensary and medical treatment. * Scholarship for employees children. * Uniform. * Benevolent fund. * longsighted service awards 5. 3. 2 Motivating Employees There are certain guiding principles that center around the corporate principles of the company.The core asset of the company is a result of the four philosophies that the company adheres to in every management aspect of the organization * Open Minded It encourages within the organization to be able to maintain an environment where the managers can have open-minded approach to various strategic decision-makings. * Enterprising Spirit The core asset of the organization will come from the enterprising spirit embedded in the minds of the managers, resulting from effective strategies. * Freedom through Responsibility Managers at all levels work with freedom of responsibility in their areas of functioning. Strength from Diversity The Company derives its drive for eff ective attainment of goals from the strength of Diversity. BATB also motivate its employees through * Bridging the gap between top level and lower level management * Strive for beautiful management practice * From recruitment to endurance and also from employee welfare to industrial relations, this department has to play an important role. * Recruiting the right parson for the right job. * educational activity and Development * Fighting employees obsolescence. * Assist operating managers to identify employees training need. Assist the Training managers to design and implement training programs. * To carry out general skill development program. * Management training on Industrial Relations. * Monitor on the job training and training offered by the training programs. * They try to create and maintain a communication channel between the management and the employees independent of union influence. * Employee briefing session. * lineament circle meeting. * Direct written Communique. * Discussion with the union. * Annual report booklet for the employees. * Training and motivation session * Open forum. Employment of security staffs. 5. 3. 3 Removal of Barriers Barriers, both physical and mental, were hindering the progress of the company. Company started removing barriers from early 1999. All offices were brought into a single location and all offices were made open. Managers and employees started using the same dine facility and the same uniform. Managing Director initiated Skip Level meeting with all levels of employees where issues are discussed openly. A Family day was arranged where all members of the organisation participated along with their family members and enjoyed throughout the day. . 3. 4 Reward System BATB has introduced new Reward and Recognition system throughout the company to motivate the employees. Any employee, doing something extraordinary, is being selected as Champion for a specific month. As a result, people are opening up and trying to gr ab the title. This has generated a positive competition among the employees. Winning in Our World BATB has very good corporate reputation for excellent management practices base on Trust, Commitment and Achievement, which is the main driver to develop WOW (Winning in Our World) culture throughout the organisation.The WOW values are clearly defined and employees, management & Union all are continuously striving to achieve these values. 6. Tobacco Industry and Corporate Social Responsibility An Inherent Contradiction One area where BATB invests publicity efforts to improve its corporate image is the development and promotion of ineffective youth smoking prevention programmes. While these programmes are created to appear to dissuade or prevent young people from smoking, in fact the effect is often the contrary.By portraying smoking as an adult activity, these programmes increase the appeal of cigarettes for adolescents. Proposed measures that involve proof of age for purchase at the c ounter are ultimately ineffective, as young people easily circumvent these restrictions. Tactically, these programmes serve the purpose of creating the appearance that tobacco companies are proposing solutions for the problems they create. In reality, they detract attention from proven, effective solutionsincluding price and tax increasesto which young people are particularly sensitive.Tobacco companies vigorously oppose price and tax increases(Mortier ,2003) Perhaps most remarkable, and most cynical, are those BATB-sponsored programmes that aspire to public health goals. For instance, BATB extended their support to Shandhani Andhatyamochan (Blindness Relief) Lottery organized by Shandhani home(a) Eye Donation monastic order by purchasing a large quantity of lottery tickets and making a donation to the Shandhani National Eye Donation Society, handing over a cheque at a public ceremony held the BAT factory in Dhaka.No mention was made of the link between smoking and cataracts, a ma jor cause of blindness. The same factory was the venue for an occupational health workshop for students of Bangladesh University. BAT Bangladesh Managing Director verbalize upon accepting an award from the Bangladesh Scout Guide and Fellowship, BAT is deeply committed to the development of the country and will nourish the companys core value Success and Responsibility go Together through contributions in different sectors of countrys socio economic development.This report and these tobacco industry programs that seek to contribute to a greater social good urge the question how can tobacco companies reconcile their main aim, to gain a maximum profit by producing and selling a deadly product, with the goals of CSR business norms, based on ethical values and respect for employees, consumers, communities and the environment? Although BATB has given special priority to protection of forests to face the climate change phenomena, about 30 per cent of deforestation in the country has occur red due to tobacco manufacturing, according to an expert, reports UNB. Smoking also results in costs associated with fire damage and damage to the environment from the manufacturing and case oftobacco products, say Taifur Rahman, Campaign for Tobacco Free-Kids (CTFK) media and advocacy coordinator, at a workshop Friday. PROGGA and Campaign for Tobacco Free-Kids in collaboration with the Press Institute of Bangladesh (PIB) organised the workshop titled Training Course on Media for Tobacco Control in Bangladesh at the PIBauditoriumin the city. Speaking at the workshop, Taifur Rahman said Bangladesh is one of the vulnerable countries across the world due to the rapid rise of its tobacco users. About 10 per cent of worlds tobacco users are in Bangladesh. Tobacco users have increased 7. 5 per cent in five years from 2004 to 2009, he said. Highlighting the global scenario of tobacco use, Taifur Rahman said five million people die of tobacco related diseases all over the world annually. If the trend continues, tobacco will kill eight million people by 2030 and one billion by the end of the current century, he added. According to a fact sheet, tobacco exacts a high cost on society and indirect costs of tobacco are estimated at US$ 652. 6 million (loss of income from death or disability due to tobacco-related illness). It said lost economic opportunities in highly populated developing countries are severe because half of all tobacco-related deaths occur during prime productive years (age 30-69). Over 57,000 people die in Bangladesh every year from tobacco-related diseases and some 16 per cent of all deaths among people aged 30 years and above are attributable to tobacco use. About 1. 2 million cases of tobacco-attributable illness are reported each year in Bangladesh.Healthcare costs associated with tobacco related illness amount to 10 per cent of monthly household expenditures. The fact sheet revealed that about 52 per cent of adults (age above 30) use some form of tobacco. About 50 per cent of males and three per cent of females (age above 30) smoke, while about 22 per cent of males and 39 per cent of females use smokeless tobacco. Some 42 per cent of youths (13-15 years) are exposed to exploited smokingin public places and 35 per cent of youths exposed tosecondhand smokingat home, according to the fact sheet.Children under 5 living in smoking households are more likely to be severely malnourished than the children who live in smoking-free homes. Advocate Syed Mahbubul Alam, policy analyst of WBB Trust, and Hasan Shahriar, training officer of PROGGA, among others, rung at the workshop. In response to these controversies, Michael Prideaux, Director of Corporate & Regulatory Affairs of British American Tobacco says that What if its actually about enabling us to demonstrate that our businesses